Overview of yeast environmental stress response pathways and the development of tolerant yeasts

Yeast is widely used for industrial production of various types products, such as ethanol and enzymes. However, its fermentation efficiency strongly reduced by harmful environmental stresses. Specifically, stresses damage important cellular components, cell wall, membrane, proteins, etc. Then, these damages cause metabolic disorders or even death. In the past decades, there has been a portfolio studies on stress tolerance yeasts, which mainly aimed at caused different stresses, ways to improve yeast mechanism certain stress. comprehensive overview how yeasts respond lacking, correlation between unclear. this review, we summarized general induced most existing major mechanisms from perspective key signalling pathways, common resistance in cells. The cells are diverse, but sometimes they share same pathway. Cells use sensors surface recognize transmit signals nucleus changes gene expression. By summarizing main including MAPK pathway, cAMP/PKA YAP1/SKN7 it will provide powerful reference future efforts promote study mechanisms.